Microsoft to buy Nokia's handset

Nokia will grant Microsoft a 10-year non-exclusive licence to its patents and will itself focus on network infrastructure and services, which it called "the best path forward for Nokia and its shareholders."

The company also announced the immediate departure of chief executive Stephen Elop. He will be replaced in the interim by Risto Siilasmaa, Nokia's chairman of the board.

Nokia was long the global leader in making mobile phones but has been overtaken by rivals Samsung and Apple as it struggled to establish winning business models and mobile devices.

The transaction announced on Tuesday is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2014, pending approval by Nokia shareholders and regulatory authorities.

Some 32,000 Nokia employees are expected to transfer to Microsoft, including approximately 4,700 people in Finland, the company said.

The operations affected by the transfer generated approximately 14.9 billion euros in 2012, or almost 50 percent of Nokia's net sales, the company said.

Of the total purchase price of 5.44 billion euros, 3.79 billion relates to the purchase of Nokia's Devices & Services business, and 1.65 billion relates to the mutual patent agreement and future option.

Last month, Nokia finalised the purchase of German engineering giant Siemens' 50 percent stake in Nokia Siemens Networks for 1.7 billion euros.

NSN, which is specialised in high-speed mobile broadband, was set up as a joint venture between the two companies in 2007, a partnership that expired in April. The unit has posted stronger earnings than Nokia's mobile phone business.

NSN posted a net profit of 8.0 million euros in the second quarter of this year, compared to Nokia's net loss of 227 million euros in the same period.

source : in.msn.com

India’s Faltering Economy Could Get Worse and worse day by day

Few economic experts in recent months have been as critical of India’s fiscal policy and governance and as bearish about the country’s economic future if reform does not happen as Rajeev Malik, senior economist with CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, an independent research and brokerage firm.

Several recent indicators suggest that his bearishness is not misplaced. In November, Mr. Malik warned that India’s currency could fall to 57 rupees to the United States dollar (at the time it was trading at about 52 rupees to the dollar). On Friday afternoon, the rupee was trading dangerously close, at 68.2 to the dollar. In December, he cut India’s economic growth forecast for the fiscal year that began April 1 to 6.3 percent, a forecast that has just recently been echoed by other economists.

Courtesy of CLSA Asia-Pacific MarketsRajeev Malik, senior economist at CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets.

In an interview with India Ink, Mr. Malik discussed Wednesday’s petrol price increase, what the government should do next and what role he thinks  Sonia Gandhi, president of the Congress Party, plays in stifling economic reform in the country.

Q: What are the options available to the central government and the Reserve Bank of India to slow the rupee’s free fall?

A: The ball is very much in the government’s court and with Sonia Gandhi. The R.B.I. is doing whatever it can, and is taking a sensible approach. The last thing it should do is effect a particular level [for the currency] and then defend it at the cost of losing a large amount of foreign reserves. There could be greater pressure in the future on the currency from heightened global aversion, so it would be suicidal to squander reserves.

In all of this, the R.B.I. cannot be the savior. No central bank can be the savior. The Indian government creates the mess and the R.B.I. is the vacuum cleaner, but even a vacuum cleaner can’t do a good job in a garbage dump.

The first thing the government needs to do is wake up and acknowledge there is a problem. Just saying that there are external problems, when almost all of India’s problems are home grown, is not enough. The external issues amplify the domestic imbalances but government’s policies in recent years have significantly worsened those imbalances.

There are many Band-Aid fixes that can be done, but relevant long-lasting benefits require significant hikes in fuel prices to cut subsidies, getting the fiscal and current account deficits under control, improving the local investment climate, squeezing out inflation, attracting foreign direct investment and moving forward with reforms.

Growth is going to be trapped around the 6 percent mark and downside could still be there – it could clearly be lower if nothing is done by the government.

There are no painless options. The can has been kicked down the road so often and for so long, there will be unpopular moves but they have to be undertaken.

Q: Is Wednesday’s steep petrol price increase a sign the government has finally woken up and is ready to make the reforms needed?

A: It is a start, but it only shows a government trying to marginally make up the distance it has fallen behind. It is still wedded to doing the least possible needed to avoid a major systematic problem rather than being pragmatic enough to undertake reforms so that India can do much better. It is merely doing enough for the economy to survive, not thrive.

Q: What’s the next move the government should make after the fuel price increase?

A: We have to see significant increases in diesel and cooking gas prices. The prices of other things, like electricity and coal, have to be closer to market-clearing levels.

The government needs to jump-start investment and create a more enabling environment for growth.

What makes the Indian situation so very unique is that it is not as if the problems are not known or the solutions; it is the implementation that doesn’t happen because of political myopia.

The current dual political structure doesn’t work. It is ironic that the world’s largest democracy has a selected, not popularly elected, prime minister. The people who do understand economics don’t have the political strength to make decisions. Those who have political power either don’t understand economics or are too fixated on populism.

Q: What does a weak rupee actually mean? If it doesn’t have a big impact on most Indian citizens, why should politicians address it?

A: A weak rupee is a symptom of the underlying problem, it is not the problem; it is the messenger rather than the message. It is the outcome of chronically high inflation, policy incoherence and self-inflicted injuries.

Consumer price inflation is over 10 percent, the rupee is in free fall, growth has been crippled and reforms have become a figment of people’s imagination.

The rupee has weakened more since the end of July 2011 than it did during the 1991 devaluation. The significant depreciation now will have a much smaller positive impact than in 1991 because it is not accompanied by a reform agenda. In 1991, the Indian government didn’t have a choice; the International Monetary Fund forced it to put in path-breaking reforms.

Q: What is our worst-case scenario? How low could the rupee go?

A: We don’t know. No one can really forecast currencies very accurately, in the near term and given global uncertainty.

The rupee could easily fall between 57 and 60 to the dollar depending on how the European Union situation plays out. We just have to see what the government ends up doing.

Q: You must speak with government and political advisers. Do you get the sense the central government appreciates the necessity of doing something now?

A: There seems to be a disconnect. The people who understand the gravity of the situation and know what needs to be done don’t have the political capital to push through things. A lot of the relevant people get it; one doesn’t need to be a whiz kid in economics to appreciate what India is going through.

Q: You mentioned Sonia Gandhi earlier – is she the major roadblock standing in the way of the economic reforms that need to happen?

A: It is understandable that she has a political agenda. But strong and well-balanced economic growth will offer more, not less, opportunities for her well-intentioned redistributive agenda. Not undertaking reforms that will boost growth needed to meet the rising aspirations is a one-way path for the government to be out of a job.

I don’t think people are opposed to helping the poor. But the popularity of handouts needs to change. Growth is the best answer to poverty.

We require political will to do something. The more the government waits, the stronger and more unpopular these corrective measures will have to be.

Source : http://india.blogs.nytimes.com

Reason for Indian Rupee Depreciation

Why is the Indian Rupee Depreciating?

The Indian Rupee has depreciated to an all time low with respect to the US Dollar. On 28th August 2013, the Indian rupee had gone down to 68.825 against the Dollar but the situation was somewhat revived by the Reserve Bank of India that decided to open a special window for helping state owned oil companies – Indian Oil Corp Ltd., Bharat Petroleum Corp and Hindustan Petroleum Corp.

The beneficiaries will be able to buy dollars through this window till further notice is provided. These companies, together, require about 8.5 billion dollars every month to import oil and it is expected that this will help them meet the requirements. This has had an immediate effect as is evident from the fact that the INR has started at 67 against the USD at the early proceedings in the Interbank Foreign Exchange Market. The question, however, is why this is happening. There are several reasons that can be enumerated in such a scenario:

Basic law of economics

As per the rudimentary laws of economics if the demand for USD in India exceeds its supply then its worth will go up and that of the INR will come down in that respect. It may be that importers are the major entities who are in need of the dollar for making their payments. Another possibility here could be that the Foreign Institutional Investors are withdrawing their investments in the country and taking them elsewhere.

This can create a shortfall in supply of the dollar in India. In fact, of late, the FIIs have been heading to greener pastures like Singapore owing to the greater operational efficiency and lesser bureaucratic problems that have unsettled the Indian business fraternity and hampered its overall economic growth.

This situation can only be addressed by exporters who can bring in dollars in the system. If somehow the FIIs can be wooed back, then this imbalance can also be addressed to a certain extent.

Price of crude oil

The worth of crude oil has been a major bane for India since it has to bring in the majority of its requirement from outside the country. The demand for oil in India has been going up every year and this has led to the present situation. All over the world, the price of oil is given in dollars. This implies that as and when the demand for oil increases in India or there is an increase in oil prices in the global market, there also arises a need for more dollars to pay the suppliers. This also results in a situation where the worth of the INR decreases significantly in comparison to the dollar.

Performance of dollar with respect to other currencies

The central banks across Japan and countries in the Eurozone have been bringing out a lot of money and this has meant that both Yen and Euro have lost their value. Compared to this the US Federal Reserve is giving hints that it will end the fiscal stimulus so that the dollar becomes stronger with respect to other currencies such as the Indian Rupee at least for the time being. Till now in 2013, the US dollar index has become stronger by 1.91%.

In an interview with the Economic Times, the CO-CIO of Birla SunLife Mutual Fund, Mahesh Patil has stated that the increase in worth of USD is the major reason behind the depreciation of the INR. The Federal Reserve’s decision to reduce its Quantitative Easing has also contributed to the present situation as every asset class has been affected by the decision.

Volatility in the equity market

The equity markets in India have been volatile for a certain period of time. This has put the FIIs into a dilemma as to whether they should be investing in India or not. In recent times their investments have touched an unprecedented level and so if they pull out then the inflow will go down as well.

As per a report in Business Today, the international investors in India have withdrawn to the tune of INR 44,162 crore during June 2013 and this is a record amount. This has also created a current account deficit (CAD) that is only increasing, thus contributing significantly to the depreciation of the INR.

Effects of equity market problems on investors

Now if the INR becomes weak then it will affect the investors who are putting their money in India. For the first time ever since 2012 the FIIs have been reduced to net sellers of debt based securities. The main reason behind this is the present state of the INR. The expenses incurred in hedging the unpredictable INR are reducing the yield differential that is the main area of profit for these investors.

India, in fact, is not the only emerging market where the currency has taken a hit. The situation is similar in countries like Indonesia, Brazil and Thailand. The bond markets in several countries like India are also taking a hit as the FIIs are withdrawing en masse. The exchange traded funds are also being redeemed as the global business fraternity is looking to cut down on risks.

Poor current account deficit

One of the main reasons behind the Indian government’s inability to arrest the fall of the national currency is the critical current account deficit. In the 2012-13 fiscal India’s CAD was measured at 4.8 per cent of the GDP. The government has been unable to come up with any new destinations for exporting its products and this has also hampered the growth in this sector. There are other crucial reasons here like the lack of one window for clearance purposes and procedural delays. Even areas where India has traditionally done well on this front have fared badly this time around.

Withdrawal of investors

Recently ArcelorMittal and Posco decided to pull out from their projects in India. Posco did not go ahead with a steel plant worth INR 30,000 crore that was supposed to be built in Karnataka and ArcelorMittal withdrew from setting up a steel plant in Odisha that was supposed to cost around 52,000 crore. There were lot of delays and problems related to acquiring land for the project. In fact in 2012-13 the Indian companies have spent more outside India compared to FIIs in India.

Downgrading of Indian stocks

Goldman Sachs, one of the leading banks in the world, has rated Indian stocks as being underweight. It has also asked investors to be careful given the concerns surrounding the recovery of the growth of Indian economy.

Condition of import bill

India’s import bill has been going up of late and most of this can be attributed to gold. This has also hampered India’s efforts to arrest the slide of the INR. Gold alone takes up more than 10 per cent of India’s import bill – in April 2013, 141 tons of gold were imported and it went up to 162 during May. The government took some measures that restricted gold imports to 31 tons during June but once again in the first 25 days in July the imports went up to 45 tons.

Contraction of Indian economy

The various important sectors of Indian economy such as manufacturing, mining and agriculture have seen poor growth in 2013 and this has made them less appealing propositions for the investors. During June 2013, the aggregate industrial production in India reduced by 2.2 per cent and in July 2013 the RBI predicted that in the present fiscal there would be a growth of 5.5% which was lesser than its previous prediction of 5.7%.

Future prospects of INR

In spite of all that has been said above it will be foolish to write off the INR completely and say it shall not rise from the mire. Experts are saying that the government needs to take some short and medium term steps that will help the economy get back on its feet yet again. It is only through continued efforts that the Indian government will be able to retrieve the situation. However, it will take a Herculean effort to help the INR get back to the 55 mark.

Soucre : http://www.mapsofindia.com

India's Rupee Keeps Falling and the Trade Deficit Keeps Widenin

Drop in India's rupee since the start of the latest quarter: -13.7%

It’s standard macro-economics: When a country’s currency declines, its exporters should soon get a boost as the lower currency makes their goods more competitive. By that rule, India should be enjoying an export boom. Since the start of May, the currency has dropped 23 percent, making it one of the world’s worst performers. Sure enough, exports did go up in July, rising 11.6 percent year-on-year, the best increase in more than 12 months.

Consumers worldwide shouldn’t expect to see a surge in Made-in-India products in the coming months, however. The July increase comes after a period of weakness: India’s exports dropped 1.8 percent in the 2012-13 fiscal year. And while the currency has been steadily weakening for two years, the decline of the rupee hasn’t helped narrow India’s current-account deficit. Instead, the trade gap has just gotten bigger, hitting 9 percent of gross domestic product in the first quarter. “The sustained and large depreciation of the [rupee] since mid-2011 does not appear to have had any near-term impact on the current-account deficit,” Mumbai-based Goldman Sachs economist Tushar Poddar wrote in a report published on Aug. 26. Chances of a short-term rebound driven by a weaker currency are “doubtful,” he added.

One culprit is rising prices inside India, with the consumer price index jumping 9.6 percent in July. India’s high inflation undercuts the competitiveness gains from depreciation, says Indranil Pan, chief economist at Kotak Mahindra Bank in Mumbai. “Exports are unlikely to get any significant boost,” he says. “Any benefit [from the weak rupee] will be offset by the fact that there is a huge inflation problem in India, and the cost of manufacturing is very high for local companies.” Rising costs of raw materials are making business challenging for Rajesh Mehta, chairman of Rajesh Exports, a Bangalore-based producer of gold and diamond jewelry. “There is no big benefit for exporters,” he says. “A stronger and a stable currency is always better for businesses.”

STORY: India’s Rupee Slides to a Record Low

For Indian exports to boom, local exporters need trading partners with healthy economies. There aren’t many of those around, making an export-led recovery difficult, according to Raghuram Rajan, the chief economic adviser who in September will take over as the country’s central bank governor. “The whole world is in a slow-growth phase, and it is going to be hard to increase market share in this environment,” Rajan told Bloomberg Businessweek in a March interview. “It is harder than in normal times.”

India’s structural problems also make it harder for local exporters to cash in on the weak rupee. Although information technology outsourcers such as Tata Consultancy Services (TCS:IN) and Infosys (INFY) have grown, thanks to low-cost workers in Bangalore and other Indian cities, the country’s manufacturers have suffered from India’s sorry history of underinvesting in ports, roads and other infrastructure. The “infrastructure deficit,” says Moody’s Investors Services sovereign analyst Atsi Sheth, “lowers growth potential and discourages foreign direct investment.” That’s one reason India, unlike China and other Asian neighbors, is not a big exporter of computers, consumer electronics, toys, or sporting goods.

There are grounds for optimism. The government is aware of the structural problems and wants to make large investments to improve infrastructure in a manufacturing “industrial corridor” between Delhi and Mumbai. Higher costs in China, meanwhile, are leading some labor-intensive manufacturers to look for alternatives in Asia, creating “a huge opportunity for India,” says Said S. Gopalakrishnan, president of the Confederation of Indian Industry. To take advantage of the opening, he says, India needs to revise rules that make it difficult for large employers to hire and fire workers. “Labor regulations must be placed back on the table for mass manufacturing,” he says.

STORY: India's Economic Woes Spread to Southeast Asia

With national elections due next year, though, such politically charged reforms are unlikely. Instead, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and the ruling Congress Party are focusing on ways to win over voters in the countryside. The government won a victory on Aug. 26 with the lower house of Parliament approving a plan to provide subsidized grain to two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion people. That might help Congress stay in power next year, but it also increases concerns that the government is backtracking on promises to cut the budget deficit. Over the past five months, there have been “clear signs of a reversal” in India’s austerity program, DBS warned in an Aug. 27 note, with second-quarter expenditures up more than 28 percent year on year, compared to a budgeted 16.4 percent increase.

Source : http://www.businessweek.com

Reason For Indian Rupee to Fall Against US Dollar

Indian Rupee has depreciated almost 50% in last 2 years. Since quite a couple of days it has been falling fanatically. I am all curious about a lot of thing in this matter. I have a lot of question to be answered:

·         Who defines the currency rates

·         Why is India Rupee Falling

·         What is the impact of this depreciation to Indian economy and common man

There are certain banks which are allowed to exchange different currencies of the world. These banks define the rate of each currency based on simple economic calculation “Demand and Supply”. Now if Demand of Dollar is more compared to Indian Rupee then INR will depreciate and vice versa.

These are the two factors that derive the Demand of a currency.

1)      Economic situation of the country

2)      Export and Import Deficit

But more importantly speculation plays a major in deriving price.

If we take India as an example we import oil from different nations but the payment is done in US Dollar.  We can earn this dollar by either exporting goods to different countries or by buying it from banks.  If we have to buy the dollars from bank then it will depreciate our Rupee value.

Now the most important question is what the impact of these currency fluctuations is in our day to day life. Well Again the answer is all the things that are directly dependent on Imports would become costlier and all the things that are dependent on Exports would be Cheaper. Example Oil, Gold, Telephones etc will become costlier and Services to US and textile industries would thrive from this situation.

Source: http://www.trafficchallan.co.in

@ Gangolli

ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಹೇಡಿತನದ ಪರಮಾವಧಿಯೇ!?

"ಇಂದು ಹದಿನೈದು ನಿಮಿಷ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಸುಮ್ಮನಿದ್ದರೆ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಬಿಡುತ್ತೇವೆ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾನಲ್ಲ ಓವೈಸಿ, ಅವತ್ತು ಗಾಂಧೀಜಿ ಮೂವತ್ತು ಸೆಕೆಂಡು ಸುಮ್ಮನಿದ್ದುಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರೆ, ಹಿಂದೂಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಡಿ ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಉಳಿದಿರುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು"

ಮಿತ್ರ ತನ್ವೀರ್ ಮಡಿಕೇರಿಯಲ್ಲೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕೇಳಿದ್ದರು, ’ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿದ್ದೀರಿ. ಅಣ್ಣನಂತೆ ನೀವು. ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಕೈಗಳನ್ನು ಅಗಲಿಸಿ ಅಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರೀತಿ ತೋರಿದರೆ ನಾವು ಓಡಿಬಂದು ಅಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡು ಬಿಡುತ್ತೇವೆ. ನೀವೇಕೆ ಅಷ್ಟು ವಿಶಾಲವಾಗಲಾರಿರಿ?’ ಎಂದು.
’ನಾವು ಬಾಹುಗಳನ್ನು ಅಗಲಿಸಿಕೊಂಡೇ ನಿಂತಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಮೊದಲೆಲ್ಲ ಬಂದು ಬಂದು ತಬ್ಬಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ನೀವೇ ಈಗ ದೂರ ನಿಲ್ಲಲು ಶುರು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೀರಿ; ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ದಿನೇದಿನೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ. ನಾವೇನೋ ಅಂದಿಗೂ ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅಣ್ಣನ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲೇ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ. ಆದರೆ ನೀವು ಮಾತ್ರ ತಮ್ಮನ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ತೊರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ. ನಮ್ಮೊಡನೆ ಬೆರೆಯಲು ಹಿಂದೇಟು ಹಾಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ’ ಎಂದೆ. ಏನನ್ನಿಸಿತೋ ಏನೋ ತನ್ವೀರ್ ನಕ್ಕು ಸುಮ್ಮನಾಗಿಬಿಟ್ಟರು.
ಇಸ್ಲಾಮ್ ಈ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪಂಥ. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಮಾತೇ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಲೇ ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್‌ನ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಪಡೆ ಬೆಚ್ಚಿ ಕುಳಿತಿದೆ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿಯೇ ಇಸ್ಲಾಮ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಕದನ ತೀವ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಹುನ್ನಾರವನ್ನು ಅದು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದೆ. ಬಹುಶಃ ಸಾವಿರಾರು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಹೀಗೆ ಎತ್ತಿಕಟ್ಟುವ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರಿಂದಲೋ ಏನೋ ಇಂದು ಚಿಂತನಶೀಲ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಸಮಾಜ, ಚಿಂತನಿಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶವೇ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಇಸ್ಲಾಮಿನತ್ತ ಹೊರಳಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಆರಂಭಿಸಿದೆ.
ಅದೆಲ್ಲ ಬಿಡಿ, ಈಗ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಅಕ್ಬರುದ್ದಿನ್ ಓವೈಸಿಯದು. ಹೈದರಾಬಾದಿನ ನಟ್ಟನಡುವೆ ನಿಂತು ಹಿಂದುತ್ವವನ್ನೂ ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವತೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಹಿಂದೂ ನಾಯಕರನ್ನೂ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಭಾರತವನ್ನೂ ಅತಿ ಹೀನ ಪದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂದಿಸಿದ್ದಾನಲ್ಲ, ಇದು ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಅತ್ಯಾಚಾರಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಭೀನ್ನವಾದ್ದೇನೂ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಓವೈಸಿಯ ಮದವೇರಲು ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯೇ, ಅನುಮಾನವಿಲ್ಲ. ’ನಾವೀಗ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೈದು ಕೋಟಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದೇವೆ’ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಅವನ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಯ ಸಂದೇಶ. ಇಷ್ಟು ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರು ನೂರು ಕೋಟಿ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಶ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಕಠಿಣವಲ್ಲ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ಹೇಡಿಗಳು – ಇದು ಅವನ ಭಾಷಣದ ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಸಾರಾಂಶ.

ಅಕ್ಬರುದ್ದಿನ್ ಓವೈಸಿ

ಅವನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ತಪ್ಪೇನಲ್ಲ ಬಿಡಿ. ಮಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಘೋರಿ ತರೈನ್ ಯುದ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ಪೃಥ್ವಿರಾಜ್ ಚೌಹಾನರೆದುರು ಸೋತನಲ್ಲ, ಅವತ್ತೇ ಅವನ ತಲೆ ಕಡಿದು ಹಾಕಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ಪೃರ್ಥವಿರಾಜರಿಗೆ ಶಾಂತಿಮಂತ್ರಗಳು ನೆನಪಾದವು, ಬದುಕಲು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಬಿಟ್ಟರು. ಮರುವರ್ಷ ಅದೇ ಘೋರಿ ಮೋಸದಿಂದ ಪೃಥ್ವಿರಾಜರನ್ನು ಸೋಲಿಸಿ, ಬಂಧಿಸಿ, ಕೊಂದ. ನಿಜ. ಅಂತಹಾ ಕ್ರೂರ ಜಂತುವಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾಣದಾನ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು ಚೌಹಾನರ ಹೇಡಿತನವೇ.
ರಾಣಿ ಪದ್ಮಿನಿಯನ್ನು ತನ್ನವಳಾಗಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕೆಂದು ಹಟ ಹಿಡಿದು ಆಕ್ರಮಣ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದ ಅಲ್ಲಾ ಉದ್ದಿನ್ ಖಿಲ್ಜಿಯನ್ನು ಸೋಲಿಸಿ ಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಚಿತ್ತೋರಿನ ರಾಜ ರಾವಲ್ ರತನ್ ಸಿಂಗ್, ಆಗಲೇ ತಲೆ ಒಡೆದು ಬಿಡಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ಗೆಳೆತನದ ನಾಟಕವಾಡಿದ ಖಿಲ್ಜಿಗೆ ತನ್ನ ರಾಣಿಯ ಮುಖವನ್ನು ಕನ್ನಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿಬಿಟ್ಟ. ಅಲ್ಲಾವುದ್ದೀನನ ಕಾಮಜ್ವಾಲೆ ಧಗಧಗನೆ ಉರಿಯಿತು. ಆತ ಮೋಸಗೈದ. ಗೆಳೆಯನ ಸೋಗಿನಲ್ಲಿ ರತನ್ ಸಿಂಗನನ್ನು ಕರೆಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಕೊಂದ. ರಾಣಿ ಪದ್ಮಿನಿ ಮಾನವನ್ನು ಹರಾಜಿಗಿಡಲು ಒಪ್ಪದೆ ಉರಿಯುವ ಅಗ್ನಿ ಕುಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾರಿ ಪ್ರಾಣಾರ್ಪಣೆಗೈದಳು. ಹೌದಲ್ಲವೆ? ಅಲ್ಲಾವುದ್ದಿನ್‌ನಂಥವನಿಗೂ ಕ್ಷಮೆಯ ಭಿಕ್ಷೆ ನೀಡಿದ ನಾವು ಹೇಡಿಗಳೇ.
ಹಿಂದೂ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಮಕ್ಕಳೆಂದರೆ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನ ದೊರೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಾಲ ಕಸ. ಅವರು ಸುಂದರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಒಂದೋ ಜನಾನಾದ ಸೇವಕಿಯರಾಗಬೇಕಿತ್ತು, ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ಕಾಮದ ಹಸಿವಿಂಗಿಸುವ ದಾಸಿಯರಾಗಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ತನ್ನ ಗಡಿಭಾಗದ ಅನೇಕ ಹಿಂದು ಹೆಣ್ಣುಮಕ್ಕಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಅತ್ಯಾಚಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದ್ದ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನ ರಾಜನ ಮನೆಯ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಮಗಳೊಬ್ಬಳು ಸೆರೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಾಗ ಶಿವಾಜಿ ಮಹಾರಾಜರು ಆಕೆಯನ್ನು ಗೌರವಿಸಿ, ಜತನದಿಂದ ಕಾಪಾಡಿ, ಉಡುಗೊರೆಗಳನ್ನಿತ್ತು, ಸೋದರಿಯೆಂದು ಗೌರವಿಸಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದರಲ್ಲ! ಶಿವಾಜಿಯೂ ಕೈಲಾಗದಿದ್ದವರು. ಹೌದು.. ಓವೈಸಿಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿಯೂ ಕೈಲಾಗದವರೇ. ಹತ್ತು ಹಿಂದೂಗಳಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಮಗುವನ್ನು ಹುಟ್ಟಿಸುವ ತಾಕತ್ತು ಇಲ್ಲವೆಂದು ಅವನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಅದೇ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ ಇರಬೇಕು. ಆ ದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿದರೆ ನಾವು ಹೇಡಿಗಳೇ.
ಅದು ಬಿಡಿ, ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯದ ಹೊಸ್ತಿಲಲ್ಲಿ ಆನಂದಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಜಿನ್ನಾ ಬೆನ್ನಿಗೆ ಚೂರಿ ಇರಿದ, ನಾವು ತಾಯಿಯೆಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ತುಂಡರಿಸಿದ. ಅವತ್ತಿನ ಜನರಿಗಿರಲಿ, ಇಂದಿನವರಿಗೂ ಕೂಡ ಅದನ್ನು ನೆನೆದರೆ ಹೃದಯ ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿ ಬಿಸಾಡಿದ ಅನುಭವ. ಜಿನ್ನಾ ಬಾಯಿಬಿಟ್ಟು ಅವತ್ತೇ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ, ’ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ್ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನೋಂ ಕಾ’. ಅವನು ತಾನು ಹೇಳಿದಂತೆಯೇ ನಡೆದುಕೊಂಡ. ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಹಿಂದುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾರಾಸಗಟಾಗಿ ಓಡಿಸಿದ. ನಾವು ಮಾತ್ರ ಜಿನ್ನಾನ ಮಾತುಗಳಿಗೆ ಜಾಣ ಕಿವುಡುತನ ತೋರಿದೆವು. ನಮ್ಮದೇ ರಕ್ತ ಭಾರತದ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರಲ್ಲೂ ಇದೆಯೆಂದೆವು. ನೀವು ಹೋಗಬೇಡಿ, ಇಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಉಳಿಯಿರಿ ಎಂದು ಗೋಗರೆದು ಮನವೊಲಿಸಿದೆವು. ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರು ಇಲ್ಲಿಂದ ತೊರೆದು ಹೋದ ಮನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನದ ನಿರಾಶ್ರಿತ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳಿಗೆ ನೀಡದೆ, ಇಲ್ಲಿನ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರಿಗೇ ಕೊಡಿಸಿದೆವು. ಅಲ್ಲಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿರೋಧಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದವಾದರೂ ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ನೊಂದ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರ ಪರವಾಗಿಯೇ ಇದ್ದರು. ಹೌದಲ್ಲವೆ ಮತ್ತೆ? ಅವತ್ತು ನಮ್ಮವರು ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರನ್ನು ನಿಷ್ಕಲ್ಮಷವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರೀತಿಸಿದ್ದು, ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರೆನ್ನುವ ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ್ದು, ಮೀಸಲಾತಿ ನೀಡಿ ಅವರ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಸಹಕರಿಸಿದ್ದು, ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಹೇಡಿತನದ ಪರಮಾವಧಿಯೇ!
ಇಂದು ಹದಿನೈದು ನಿಮಿಷ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಸುಮ್ಮನಿದ್ದರೆ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಬಿಡುತ್ತೇವೆ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾನಲ್ಲ ಓವೈಸಿ, ಅವತ್ತು ಗಾಂಧೀಜಿ ಮೂವತ್ತು ಸೆಕೆಂಡು ಸುಮ್ಮನಿದ್ದುಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರೆ, ಹಿಂದೂಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಡಿ ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಉಳಿದಿರುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಓವೈಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬಂಧು ಮಿತ್ರರು ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಮ್ಮದಿಯಿಂದ ಬದುಕಿರುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.
ಅದು ಬಿಡಿ. ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಹಿಂದುಗಳ ನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರದ ಹಿಂದುಗಳು ನಿರಾಶ್ರಿತರಾದರು, ಅತಂತ್ರರಾದರು. ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದ ನುಸುಳುಕೋರರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಈಶಾನ್ಯ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳೇ ಏರುಪೇರಾಗಿಬಿಟ್ಟವು. ಬಿಹಾರ, ಯುಪಿ, ಬಂಗಾಳಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮರ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಅಧಿಕವಾಗಿದೆಯೆನ್ನುವ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೇ ಹಿಂದುಗಳ ದನಿಯಡಗುವ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಉಂಟಾಯ್ತು. ಇಷ್ಟಾಗಿಯೂ ಇತರ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳು ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನರ ಮೇಲೆ ಎಗರಾಡಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಹೌದಪ್ಪಾ, ಆ ಹಿಂದುಗಳೆಲ್ಲ ಪರಮಹೇಡಿಗಳೇ.
ಯಾವುದೋ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಮ್ಮದರ ಕಾರ್ಟೂನು ಕೆಟ್ಟದಾಗಿ ಬರೆದರೆಂಬ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಶಿವಾಜಿನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ, ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳಾದವು. ಬರ್ಮಾದ ಘಟನೆಯನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಅಮರ್ ಜವಾನ್ ಸ್ಮಾರಕವನ್ನು ಒದ್ದು ಪುಡಿಪುಡಿಗೈದಿರಿ. ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ನಮಜು ಮುಗಿಸಿಬಂದು, ಬುದ್ಧನ ಶಿಲಾಪ್ರತಿಮೆಗೆ ಕಲ್ಲು ಹೊಡೆದು ಹಾನಿಗೈದಿರಿ. ಅರೆ! ನಾವದನ್ನು ಮರೆತೇಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೀವಲ್ಲ! ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವರು ಅದೆಲ್ಲ ನಿಮಗಾಗಿರುವ ನೋವಿನ ವ್ಯಕ್ತ ರೂಪವದು ಎಂದರು. ಹೌದಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ನಾವೂ ಸುಮ್ಮನಾಗಿಬಿಟ್ಟೆವು. ಅದೆಂತಹ ಹೇಡಿಗಳಪ್ಪಾ ನಾವು..
ಆದರೆ, ನಮ್ಮಂಥ ಈ ಪರಮ ಹೇಡಿಗಳು ನಡುವಲ್ಲೊಮ್ಮೆ ಧಿರತನ ತೋರಿ ನಾವು ಪೂಜಿಸುವ ಮಂದಿರದ ಜಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ತಲೆಯೆತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಮಸೀದಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದುರುಳಿಸಿದ್ದು ಮಾತ್ರ ನೀವು ಮರೆಯುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ. ನಮ್ಮಂತಹ ನಿರ್ವೀರ್ಯರು ನಮ್ಮವರನ್ನು ರೈಲಿನೊಳಗೆ ಬಂಧಿಸಿ, ಬೆಂಕಿ ಹೊತ್ತಿಸಿದ ಆಕ್ರೋಶಕ್ಕೆ ಗುಜರಾತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ತಿರುಗಿಬಿದ್ದೆವಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪಾಲಿಗೆ ಘೋರ ದುರಂತ. ಓವೈಸಿ ಹೇಳಿದಂತೆ ಆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಅಮಾಯಕ ಕಸಬ್, ನೂರಾರು ಜನರ ಮೇಲೆ ಎರ್ರಾಬಿರ್ರಿ ಗುಂಡು ಹಾರಿಸಿದ್ದನ್ನು ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತೀರಿ. ಅಂತಹ ಘಟನೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡೀನೋಡೀ ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಾಧ್ವಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾ ಸಿಂಗಳ ತಲೆ ಕೆಟ್ಟರೆ ನಿಮಗೆ ಸಹಿಸೋಕೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ ಅಲ್ಲವೆ?
ಪೀಸ್ ಟೀವಿ ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಝಾಕಿರ್ ನಾಯಕ್ ಪ್ರತಿನಿತ್ಯ ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವತೆಗಳ, ಧರ್ಮದ ಅವಹೇಳನ ಮಾಡ್ತಾನೆ. ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ನಾವೂ ಅದನ್ನೆ ಮಾಡೋಣವೇನು? ಪಂಡಿತರಿಗೆ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲೂ ಕೊರತೆಯೇನಿಲ್ಲ ನೆನಪಿರಲಿ. ಶಾಂತಿಯ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಪಂಥದವರು ಅದೇ ಝಾಕಿರ್ ನಾಯಕನ ವಿಡಿಯೋಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಅರಮೆ ಮೈದಾನದ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಮೇಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಇಪ್ಪತ್ನಾಲಕ್ಕು ಗಂಟೆ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಪ್ರಚಾರ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರಲ್ಲ, ಆಗಲೂ ನಾವು ಸುಮ್ಮನಿದ್ದಿದ್ದು ತಪ್ಪಾ?
ಅರಬ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವತೆಗಳ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳಿರುವ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮುನ್ನ ಮಸಿ ಬಳಿದು ತರುತ್ತಾರಲ್ಲ, ಅಂತಹ ಮತಾಂಧತೆ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಿದ್ದರೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಕಥೆ ಏನಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಯೋಚಿಸಿದ್ದೀರಾ? ಮಿಸ್ಟರ್ ಓವೈಸಿ, ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೋ. ಯಾವುದು ಆಘಾತಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಎದುರಿಸಬಲ್ಲದೋ ಅದು ಶಾಶ್ವತವಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ ಗ್ರೀಕರಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ಮೊಘಲರ ವರೆಗೆ, ಪೋರ್ಚುಗೀಸರಿಂದ ಶುರುಮಾಡಿ ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನದವರೆಗೆ ಅನೇಕರನ್ನು ನುಂಗಿ ನೀರು ಕುಡಿದಿದೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ನೀನು ಅದ್ಯಾವ ಲೆಕ್ಕ? ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಿಸಲು ನಮಗೆ ಬಂದೂಕಾಗಲೀ ಕತ್ತಿಯಾಗಲೀ ಬೇಡವೆಂದು ಗೊತ್ತಿರಲಿ. ಉಪನಿಷತ್ತಿನ ವಾಣಿಗಳಿಂದ ದಾರಾಷಿಕೋನಂಥವನನ್ನು ಪರಿವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಮಹಾಚೇತನವನ್ನಾಗಿಸಿದ ಸಾಧನೆ ನಮ್ಮದು. ಹತ್ತಾರು ಸಾವಿರ ಪುರಾತನವಾದ ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ ವೃಕ್ಷದ ಪಾಲಿಗೆ ನೀನೊಬ್ಬ ರೆಂಬೆಗೆ ಜೋತಾಡುವ ಬೇತಾಳವಾಗಬಹುದೆ ಹೊರತು ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಲ್ಲ! ನೆನಪಿರಲಿ.

Kanoji house old look

Beyond 2012: Why the World Won't End

Dec. 21, 2012, won't be the end of the world as we know, however, it will be another winter solstice.

Contrary to some of the common beliefs out there, the claims behind the end of the world quickly unravel when pinned down to the 2012 timeline.

Below, NASA Scientists answer questions on the following 2012 topics:

·         End of the World

·         'Prediction' Origins

·         Mayan Calendar

·         Total Blackout

·         Planetary Alignment

·         Nibiru/Planet X/Eris

·         Polar Shift

·         Meteor Strike

·         NASA Science

·         Solar Storms

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› View larger
A 'Blue Marble' image of the Earth taken from the Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard NASA's Suomi NPP satellite. This composite image uses a number of swaths of the Earth's surface taken on January 4, 2012. Credit: NASA/NOAA/GSFC/Suomi NPP/VIIRS/Norman Kuring

Question (Q): Are there any threats to the Earth in 2012? Many Internet websites say the world will end in December 2012.

 Answer (A):The world will not end in 2012. Our planet has been getting along just fine for more than 4 billion years, and credible scientists worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012.

Q: What is the origin of the prediction that the world will end in 2012?

 A: The story started with claims that Nibiru, a supposed planet discovered by the Sumerians, is headed toward Earth. This catastrophe was initially predicted for May 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to December 2012 and linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient Mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 -- hence the predicted doomsday date of December 21, 2012.

Q: Does the Mayan calendar end in December 2012?

 A: Just as the calendar you have on your kitchen wall does not cease to exist after December 31, the Mayan calendar does not cease to exist on December 21, 2012. This date is the end of the Mayan long-count period but then -- just as your calendar begins again on January 1 -- another long-count period begins for the Mayan calendar.

Q: Is NASA predicting a "total blackout" of Earth on Dec. 23 to Dec. 25?

 A: Absolutely not. Neither NASA nor any other scientific organization is predicting such a blackout. The false reports on this issue claim that some sort of "alignment of the Universe" will cause a blackout. There is no such alignment (see next question). Some versions of this rumor cite an emergency preparedness message from NASA Administrator Charles Bolden. This is simply a message encouraging people to be prepared for emergencies, recorded as part of a wider government preparedness campaign. It never mentions a blackout.
›Watch the Video

Q: Could planets align in a way that impacts Earth?

 A: There are no planetary alignments in the next few decades and even if these alignments were to occur, their effects on the Earth would be negligible. One major alignment occurred in 1962, for example, and two others happened during 1982 and 2000. Each December the Earth and sun align with the approximate center of the Milky Way Galaxy but that is an annual event of no consequence.
› More about alignment

"There apparently is a great deal of interest in celestial bodies, and their locations and trajectories at the end of the calendar year 2012. Now, I for one love a good book or movie as much as the next guy. But the stuff flying around through cyberspace, TV and the movies is not based on science. There is even a fake NASA news release out there..."
- Don Yeomans, NASA senior research scientist
Q: Is there a planet or brown dwarf called Nibiru or Planet X or Eris that is approaching the Earth and threatening our planet with widespread destruction?

 A: Nibiru and other stories about wayward planets are an Internet hoax. There is no factual basis for these claims. If Nibiru or Planet X were real and headed for an encounter with the Earth in 2012, astronomers would have been tracking it for at least the past decade, and it would be visible by now to the naked eye. Obviously, it does not exist. Eris is real, but it is a dwarf planet similar to Pluto that will remain in the outer solar system; the closest it can come to Earth is about 4 billion miles.

Q: What is the polar shift theory? Is it true that the Earth's crust does a 180-degree rotation around the core in a matter of days if not hours?

 A: A reversal in the rotation of Earth is impossible. There are slow movements of the continents (for example Antarctica was near the equator hundreds of millions of years ago), but that is irrelevant to claims of reversal of the rotational poles. However, many of the disaster websites pull a bait-and-switch to fool people. They claim a relationship between the rotation and the magnetic polarity of Earth, which does change irregularly, with a magnetic reversal taking place every 400,000 years on average. As far as we know, such a magnetic reversal doesn’t cause any harm to life on Earth. Scientists believe a magnetic reversal is very unlikely to happen in the next few millennia.
› More about polar shift

Q: Is the Earth in danger of being hit by a meteor in 2012?

 A: The Earth has always been subject to impacts by comets and asteroids, although big hits are very rare. The last big impact was 65 million years ago, and that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Today NASA astronomers are carrying out a survey called the Spaceguard Survey to find any large near-Earth asteroids long before they hit. We have already determined that there are no threatening asteroids as large as the one that killed the dinosaurs. All this work is done openly with the discoveries posted every day on the NASA Near-Earth Object Program Office website, so you can see for yourself that nothing is predicted to hit in 2012.

Q: How do NASA scientists feel about claims of the world ending in 2012?

 A: For any claims of disaster or dramatic changes in 2012, where is the science? Where is the evidence? There is none, and for all the fictional assertions, whether they are made in books, movies, documentaries or over the Internet, we cannot change that simple fact. There is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made in support of unusual events taking place in December 2012.
› Why you need not fear a supernova
› About super volcanoes

Q: Is there a danger from giant solar storms predicted for 2012?

 A: Solar activity has a regular cycle, with peaks approximately every 11 years. Near these activity peaks, solar flares can cause some interruption of satellite communications, although engineers are learning how to build electronics that are protected against most solar storms. But there is no special risk associated with 2012. The next solar maximum will occur in the 2012-2014 time frame and is predicted to be an average solar cycle, no different than previous cycles throughout history.
› Video: Solar Storms
› More about solar storms

Top 10 Most Dangerous Dog Breeds

22 reported dog bite related human fatalities in the United States in 2004. 2005 - 29 human fatalities. 2006 - 26. In 2007, there were 33 human fatalities. 45% of the attacks occurred to adults over the age of 18, and 55% occurred to ages below. Pit bull type dogs were responsible for 67% of fatalities, the next closest breed was the rottweiler at 12%. But all dog breeds are potentially dangerous. In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that 25 breeds of dogs were involved in 238 fatal dog bites from 1979-1998. Here it is the compiled list of the most dangerous dog breeds:

1. Pit Bulls (Weight: 55-65 lbs.) Pit bull is one of the most brave and dauntless dogs that usually takes on any opponent. Therefore they take part in dog fighting. It is common knowledge that this dog breed can even mangle the human to death as pit bull locks its jaws onto the booty until it is dead.

2. Rottweilers (Weight: 100-130 lbs.) Due to their intense territorial instinct these dogs are very aggressive. Rottweilers are commonly used as guard dogs.

3. German Shepherds (Weight: 70-100 lbs.) This breed of dogs is known as a smart and vigilant one. As German Shepherds proved to be confident and fearless local authorities such as the police K-9 unit use German Shepherds as a police dog.

4. Huskies (Weight: 44-66 lbs.) Despite of their energy and intelligence this breed is not regarded a good guard dog. It is caused by its kind temperament and personality characteristics. However it should be marked that between 1979 and 1997 fifteen fatal cases were caused by huskies.

5. Alaskan Malamutes (Weight: 75-100 lbs.) This breed requires a lot of exercises to be happy as being bored they become disobedient. On the whole their characteristic features are energy and activity.

6. Doberman Pinschers (Weight: 65-90 lbs.) Doberman Pinschers are famed by such features as alertness, intelligence and loyalty. Therefore they are considered to be one of the best guard dog breeds. The dog usually attacks only in case its family is in danger or when being provoked.

7. Chow Chow (Weight: 50-70 lbs.) The Chow Chow seems to be distant and independent, however they require staunch attention. If badly bred they can become aggressive dogs.

8. Presa Canario ( Weight: 80-115 lbs.) It is well known that an attack of this guard dog can bring to the death any prey. One of the main features of this dog is fearlessness, huge power and man-stopping ability.

9. Boxer (Weight: 50-70 lbs.) These dogs are intelligent, frisky and full of energy. It is not so easy to train them as they are self-willed breed. In addition, boxers are not typically aggressive by nature.

10. Dalmatian (Weight: 40-70 lbs.) This breed is distinguished by intelligence and perfect memory, independence and survival instincts. Sometimes Dalmatians can be aggressive towards people.

Some common questions about Ad Operations

Ad Operations 

1.       What are the various modes in online advertising?

Advertising using internet technology (WWW)

Display advertising –Static, RICHMEDIA & Mobile/PDA

Email advertising refers to advertising displayed in an email environment. It includes: Display, text, opt-in Search/Keyword marketing

2.       Define Advertising and List Benefits of advertising?

Advertising is a paid form of communication delivered to persuade or influence an audience about a product or service.

Increase the brand awareness and Direct response (direct behavior or interaction which is specific and quantifiable. )

 Increase Sales and ROI

 Awareness of products

 To promote product/service

 Build a good Rapport with consumer

4.       What is IAB - Internet Advertising bureau? Explain the core functionality of IAB

The IAB educates marketers, agencies, media companies and the wider business community about the value of interactive advertising. Working with its member companies, the IAB evaluates and recommends standards and practices and fields critical research on interactive advertising.

Ad Standards, Creative Standards, Contracts, Privacy Measurement guide etc

5.       What is Display Advertising?

Display advertising refers to web advertising displaying the message using graphical information beyond text.  Includes image, rich media, floating, transitional, etc.

6.       Various creative formats?

Static Image – Gif, Jpeg

Rich – Flash – swf

RichMedia – Floating, Expandable, transitional, video, Motif

7.       What is an online campaign? Types of campaigns?

Online campaign is advertising program published using internet

a.       Branding (awareness and message reinforcement)

b.      Direct response (ROI/acquisition-focused)

9.       What are the various types are targeting in online adverting?

Content – Various sections on the website pages

Geographical – Country, State, city, pin code, zip code etc

 Demographic

Time and Date

psychographic/behavioral

Computer System 

Internet Related

10.   What is RFI>RFP>IO (request for info/proposal, insertion order)? Explain

Request for proposal. Advertiser sends RFP to Publisher by requesting to run an ad

11.   What is forecasting?

A process of investigating how many impressions are available for a future date on a specific targeting area of a website.

12.   Define Impression and click ?

Impression: one exposure to one user of a display or text ad

Click: One mouse click on the ad displayed.

13.   Types of cost structure and explain

CPM (cost per thousand impressions)

CPC/CPA (cost per click of acquisition/conversion)

Flat rate (special sponsorships such as fixed placements) 

14.   Sony has booked an ad slot of 728x90 @ 4 CPM and 300x250 @ 2CPC on Yahoo. If in 1 month yahoo records 400,000 impressions on 728x90 and 2000 clicks, then what is the total cost? Who should pay?

Cost 728x90 = 400000x4/1000 = 1600

Cost 300x250 = 2000x2 = 4000

Total cost = 5600

15.   Explain the following terminologies used in online advertising industry

a)      BUYERS - Buyers are companies that buy ad space to advertise on it. Direct advertisers, Agencies and small business.

b)      Agency - Agencies are companies that handle the advertising process on behalf of the advertiser.

c)       CTR: The click rate is the percentage of ad views that resulted in clickthroughs

CTR – Click Through Rate = (Click/impression) 100

d)      Sellers - Sellers are companies that Sell ad space to advertise on it. Portals, Ad Networks, Content sites and Social networks

e)      Publisher - Web-publishers will monetize their web content via advertisements by creating ad spaces.

f)       Ad Network - An ad network acts as an agency for the publisher. Ad networks do not own the content, and they are responsible only for selling ad inventory on behalf of the publishers.

g)      Remnant - Selling ad space that a publisher cannot sell. They try to buy ad space at low prices and sell it at a higher price by packaging it through targeting capabilities and reach

h)      AD Exchange - Virtual marketplaces bring together online advertising buyers and sellers. Mainly focused on: remnant (unsold) inventory and inventory from publishers with no sales structure (long tail)

i)        Media Planning: Managing the process of researching media and planning the campaign.

j)        Media Buying: Managing the process of buying the media and price negotiation. Usually buyers use an RFP process to request proposals from the publishers that satisfy the goal of the buyer.

16.   What is an Insertion order?

 An insertion order is a formal, printed order to run an ad campaign. Typically, the insertion order identifies the campaign name, the Web site receiving the order and the planner or buyer giving the order, the individual ads to be run (or who will provide them), the ad sizes, the campaign beginning and end dates, the CPM, the total cost, discounts to be applied, and reporting requirements and possible penalties or stipulations relative to the failure to deliver the impressions.

17.   Who is a BUYER and explain?

Buyers are companies that buy ad space to advertise on it.

They might buy ad space to advertise their own product/services or those of others.

The buyers can be categorized in the following groups:

Direct marketers – Medium to large company

Agencies  - Companies that handle the advertising process on behalf of the advertiser. Function: planning, buying, creative design, PR, branding, etc.

Specialty: direct marketing, search, branding, etc.

18.   Who is a SELLER and explain?

Sellers are companies that Sell ad space to advertise on it.

Web-publishers will monetize their web content via advertisements by creating ad spaces

Managing the ad inventory available for sale and

forecasting.

Portals, Ad Networks, Content sites and Social networks

19.   What is an ADNETWORK?

An ad network acts as an agency for the publisher

  Ad networks do not own the content, and they are responsible only for selling ad inventory on behalf of the publishers.

  The key benefit of ad networks is the ability to aggregate supply and therefore lower buying cost.

  Remnant/arbitrage networks focus on selling ad space that a publisher cannot sell.

  They try to buy ad space at low prices and sell it at a higher price by packaging it through targeting capabilities and reach. They usually purchase in CPM

20.   Explain the complete steps involved in Buyer/Advertise side online ad serving process

Media Planning >Buying ad space on Publisher>Creative Generation > Trafficking >Reporting>Optimization >Invoicing

Media Planning: Managing the process of researching media and planning the campaign.

Media Buying: Managing the process of buying the media and price negotiation. Usually buyers use an RFP process to request proposals from the publishers that satisfy the goal of the buyer.

Creative Management: Managing the design process from the storyboards to the actual creative. Most of the time the design process is outsourced to creative agencies or freelancers.

Centralized Tracking: The buyer needs to have a centralized view of campaign data to see how the campaign is performing across the media they bought. One key requirement online (especially for direct marketers) is the ability to track the leads/sales and what activities led to it.

Media/Creative Optimization: The buyer needs to optimize the creatives to the right audience and make sure they stay “fresh” to avoid burnout effect (displaying the same creative over and over). They also need to make sure the media purchased delivers the expected results.

Accounting: The buyer needs to be able to pay the publisher based on the pricing models set forth in the purchase order and the delivered results.

21.   Explain the complete steps involved in Seller/Publisher side online ad serving process.

Proposal generation/IO >Inventory Management > Trafficking > Reporting>Optimization >Invoicing

Account management: Managing the relationship with the buyers

Proposal management: Managing RFPs and proposals during the sales process

Inventory management: Managing the ad inventory available for sale

Order/placement management: Managing the proper delivery of the orders/placements that are sold

Yield management: Maximizing ad revenue

Accounting: Managing invoices and payments

22.   What is Media Research and explain?

This is a part of Media Planning process where an agency will refer to the various research data to select the appropriate audience for adverting campaign. Geographic reports, Demographic data, Survery, research done by comsocre and other agency on the user data, Internet usage etc can be used .

23.   What is rate card?

An electronic document which highlights the information regarding the publisher site such as – cost structure, ad slot size available, creative specification to be used , contact info, policy etc. This will be sent along with Insertion order. This will be sent to agency/advertiser who are interested to run a campaign on the website.

24.   What are the various cost structure used in online industry and explain

CPM : CPM is "cost per thousand" ad impressions, an industry standard measure for selling ads on Web sites. This measure is taken from print advertising. The "M" has nothing to do with "mega" or million. It's taken from the Roman numeral for "thousand."CPC = Cost Per Click

CPC – Cost Per Click

CPD = Cost per Day

CPL = Cost per Lead

Flat Rate – Total cost is fixed.

Sponsorships/Bonus

25.   What is browser/proxy server caching? What is caching?

A:  Information, such as web pages, images, etc., are saved on a user’s computer or proxy server so that the information can be accessed more quickly. The information is accessed more quickly because the browser and/or proxy server need not re-contact the original source. This is a natural occurrence in the web and is responsible for making sure that web pages load as quickly as they do.

In an attempt to speed up user experience around the web, most browsers implement a technology called cache. This mechanism allows information, such as web pages, images, etc., to be saved on a user’s computer. Therefore, if the user calls for a previously requested web page, the browser will recall the information from the cache and not make another request from the site itself. Once the browser receives a DoubleClick ad image, it will store the image in the cache. Further calls for the ad image will be drawn from the cache – not from DoubleClick -- and an impression will not be counted. In order to defect the browser cache mechanism, Cache busting (aka Random Number Generation (RNG)) is implemented. 

26.   What is Random Number Generation (RNG)?

A:  RNG is the process of inserting a random number in HTML tags to defeat browser/proxy caching. Random numbers change every time the tags are requested and sent. To be sure, cache busting can be achieved via the inclusion of any random string; however, this string is most commonly a number.

Browser caching can be defeated by dynamically creating unique tags for each ad image served. This ensures that when a user navigates from page to page the ad image is not delivered from the browser’s cache, but rather a new image is delivered from the DoubleClick servers for each request. To accomplish this unique tagging, a different random number is added to the image tags that reference the ad image. Typically, when a browser sees another image call with the same name, it pulls the ad from cache. To defeat this, an ord= attribute is added to the HTML tag, and when implemented correctly, prevents the images from being pulled from the cache. Tags with different “ord=” values prevent this caching problem because the different value forces the browser to retrieve a new banner from the ad server. If not implemented correctly, though, browser caching will not be defeated.

27.  What will happen if I do not use RNG to defeat caching?

A:  Web pages, images, etc. will be served from the user’s computer or proxy server rather than from DoubleClick’s servers. This will result in the undercounting of impressions and will cause counting discrepancies. This is an issue that can negatively affect both the Advertiser/Client and the Publisher website.

28.  Conversion tracking and how do you track the same?

What happens after a viewer sees a banner and doesn’t click ? Are they coming back? Converting?

Process of tracking the information beyond click and impression like post click and post impression. This will be tracked on the landing page. We need to use 1x1 pixel calls on the each page of the landing URL (Advertiser website) where you want to track the conversion activities.

When a browser hits a page on the advertiser’s site that contains a conversion/spotlight tag, the browser initiates an “HTTP get request” for a 1x1 pixel to the ad serving tool. In the process of making this request to DoubleClick, a user’s browser passes back information in the tag including IP address, operating system, browser type, cookie ID and the URL of the tag itself.

29.  Postclick/post impression

post-click activity :An action performed by a user in a web page that contains Spotlight tags, where the visit is a result of having clicked on an ad.

post-impression activity

An action performed by a user in an advertiser’s web page that contains Spotlight tags, after having seen an ad for the advertiser

30.  Why do we use clickTag in flash creative?

We use clickTag because it allows us to add our click tracking string to the final click through destination. Typically, clickTag is implemented in a button action like so

on (release) {

            getURL (_level0.clickTag, "_blank");

}

31.  Explain the following reporting metrics

Field	Description
Click Rate	The percentage of impressions that resulted in users clicking an ad. Calculated as: Click Rate = (Impressions/Clicks Recorded) * 100
Clicks Recorded	The number of times users have clicked ads in a campaign to date.
Effective CPM	The cost per thousand impressions. Calculated as: Total Cost [$] / (Delivered Impressions / 1000)
Impressions Delivered	The number of impressions that have been delivered to date.
Media Cost	The cost of all delivered impressions and clicks. The cost type and the cost entered against the placement are also factored in the calculation. This information is determined by the advertiser when pricing information is entered in the Trafficking module. The media cost does not take into account run dates, but does take into account hybrid pricing.

32.   What is an invalid click?

Invalid click  is any click that is not generated by an actual human user. Causes of invalid clicks: - Spiders, robots, crawlers, and other automated agents: - Programs that download entire websites for offline use:  Link analyzers and code validators: This is a click fraud technique.

33.   Why do we have to send screen shot?? Explain

Once the ad is serving live on the website for a new campaign, we need to provide a proof of the same to advertiser. So agency will take a screenshot on website once the ad is showing and this will be shared with Advertiser as a proof 

4.  What a sales person in publisher end do?

Selling the ad inventory, checking the availability and booking the ad slot and preparing Insertion order.

35.  What are the basic element needed to traffic an ad

Trafficking instruction/IO, creative assets and Landing page URL

36.  What are various types of creative rotations?

Random, sequential, weighted, best performing etc

37.  Explain what is CPM and CPC and how it differs in terms of cost calculations?

CPM and CPC are units or pricing models in an ad serving system.

CPM:- Cost per thousand impressions.

CPC:- Cost per Click

38.  Explain below the creative rotation?

Random: All of the creative in the ad are served in random order. This is the default value.

Sequential: All of the creative in the ad are served to a user in the order of the assignments.

Example (1,2,3…etc)

Weighted: You apply a percentage to each creative (for a total of 100 percent).Each creative is served the specified percentage of the time.

Best performing: Images are set to deliver in random order until DFP can bias deliver to the best performing creative with the highest click rate. The best performing creative is served 75 percent of the time, the other creative share the remaining 25 percent of the time.

39.  What is Click Command?

Click ads are used to track text links, emails or other elements hard coded on a website.  Site traffickers may want to insert a click command in their site if they do not want to deliver creatives from a 3rd party ad server.  

40.  What is caching ?

Caching: Caching is a technique used to increase performance on
the Internet. Web browsers and proxy servers save copies of web
page elements (page source code, images, and so on) to local
memory caches so that they do not have to retrieve the same
material on subsequent requests.

41.  What is under delivery?

Under Delivery: Delivery of less impressions, visitors, or conversions than contracted for a specified period of time.

42.  What are Discrepancies?

Difference in counts (impression, click, Click to Landing) across two different ad servers (Publisher and Advertiser)

Cause a great amount of pain for our customers – they have to be resolved, campaign by campaign, for billing

43.  What causes discrepancies?

Difference of counting methodologies and filtration procedures

Trafficking Errors

Number of redirects

User hits back button, closes window, etc

Popup blocking, ad blocking

44.  What are troubleshooting steps for discrepancy identification?

Get all the reports

Review the trafficking

Understand the counting method used

Testing with sample

Communicate

There will be no exact solution

45.  What is optimization?

Optimization techniques are used to Meet and exceed established goals for all CPA, CPM and CPC campaigns.

Under delivery and over delivery reports will used along with other guidelines, we can suggest the optimization required to meet the goal. 

46.  What is targeting?

The process of delivering an advertiser's ad to the user through either content matching, profiling, or filtering.

Improve response by delivering messages to consumers who are most likely to respond.

The control of the distribution of ad creative to only those web sites or those users that fit within the particular targeting parameters.

Targeting has the potential to dramatically improve the advertiser's ROI

The process of specifying criteria so that an appropriate ad is served to a user.

47.  Explain 4 various types of targeting?

Geographic targeting - It is used to target users in specific geographic locations. E.g.: Country, State/Region, Area Code and DMA.

Demographic Targeting - Based on the demographic data – age, sex, salary etc 

Internet-related targeting- It is used to target users who are accessing the web in specific ways. E.g. IE 7,Mozilla, Firefox etc

Computer system targeting - It is used to target users who are accessing the web with specific computer technologies. E.g. Windows 95

Time and day targeting - It is used to choose the times of day and days of the week at which ads are served to users.

Contextual/content targeting - It is used to serve ads to users based on the content they view in your website. You target an ad to a specific section of your website based on the content contained in that section. For example, you can specify that ads for hotels can be served only to the travel section of your website.You can target to content by using DART sites, zones, and content categories.

Key-value and keyword targeting - It is a feature that is used to serve ads to users based on the following: text that a user enters into a search engine (for example, a user who is searching for computers)

48.  What is boomerang Targeting?

It is an enhanced targeting feature that enables you to target ads to anonymous users who perform specific actions, such as view web pages or ads on multiple occasions, make frequent purchases, or provide membership data.

49.  Behavioral Targeting

         Behavioral targeting uses information collected on an individual's web-browsing behavior, such as the pages they have visited or the searches they have made, to select which advertisements to display to that individual. 

50.  What is a cookie ?

 In computing, a cookie (also browser cookie, computer cookie, tracking cookie, web cookie, internet cookie, and HTTP cookie) is a small string of text stored on a user's computer by a web browser. A cookie consists of one or more name-value pairs containing bits of information such as user preferences, shopping cart contents, the identifier for a server-based session, or other data used by websites.

A cookie can be used for authenticating, session tracking (state maintenance), and maintaining specific information about users, such as site preferences or the contents of their electronic shopping carts.

51.  Advantage and Disadvantage of Targetting?

Advantage:

1. Deliver your ad to the right audience, and therefore increasing brand awareness
2. Eliminates wastage of impressions
3. Increased conversion rate.
4. High ROI
5. Deliver an ad to the right user at the right time

Disadvantage:

1. Low reach
2. Under delivery

52.   What is Random Number Generation (RNG)? 

RNG is the process of inserting a random number in HTML tags to defeat browser/proxy caching. Random numbers change every time the tags are requested and sent. To be sure, cache busting can be achieved via the inclusion of any random string, however, this string is most commonly a number.

53.  What is browser/proxy server caching?

Information, such as web pages, images, etc., are saved on a user’s computer or proxy server so that the information can be accessed more quickly. The information is accessed more quickly because the browser and/or proxy server need not re-contact the original source. This is a natural occurrence in the web and is responsible for making sure that web pages load as quickly as they do.

54.  What will happen if you do not use RNG to defeat caching?

Web pages, images, etc. will be served from the user’s computer or proxy server rather than from DoubleClick’s servers. This will result in the undercounting of impressions and will cause counting discrepancies. This is an issue that can negatively affect both the Advertiser/Client and the Publisher website.

55.  Briefly explain Ad Networks and any two advantages of ad networks?

They are collection of sites( either partnered, own or both)

Advantages:

The lower CPM connection: Publishers still have substantial unsold inventory which is sold to adnetworks at lower price than the normal price.

Better targeting, higher CPMs:The report suggests that better ad network targeting and inventory management will generate higher CPMs.

 

57.  Define Inventory?

Inventory is the total number of ad views that a Web site has to sell over a given period of time 

58.  What is Yield Management?

Maximizing ad revenue.  Making sure that the publishers are making the most money possible while fulfilling all ad delivery priorities.

59.  Explain Inventory Management Process

Sales team process

Managing the ad inventory available for sale.  Responding to proposals and letting the sales team what’s available for sale. Also forecasting the available inventory on the specific website for future dates.

60.  Explain Over delivery and Under delivery. What are the optimization you will do for each case ?

Over Delivery – If the impression delivered by the ad server is exceeding the per day goal of the overall inventory booked. Campaign is speeding. Optimization – To control the delivery we can set frequency cap, hard stop, add targeting,  remove sites/zone etc and apply key-value, extended the rundates etc

Under Delivery - If the impression delivered by the ad server is below the per day goal of the overall inventory booked. Camping is running slow. Optimization – To increase the ad delivery – we can ad more sites/zones, swap the creative, remove targeting, remove frequency capping.

61.  Sony wants to advertise on Digital camera. What are some of the benefits and risks running this ad campaign on all available sites in the world?

Benefits: - You can reach to large number of audience across the world. Branding and awareness. Reach to various kinds of people with various interests

MORE IMPRESSIONS, CLICKS and CTR

Risk: Cost of running the campaign is more. Product is not targeting to appropriate audience. Less rate of conversion. Wastage of impressions and click cost. We need to target to specific users to get more ROI

62.  Maruthi wants to run an ad campaign for its new SWIFT car. Suggest some website to the advertiser so that they can get maximum reach and ROI. Also explain why you are selecting those sites.

Auto related site – Reach to concentrated audience so that conversion rate is more.

Example :

CARS.com (Site dedicated to cars and accessories – Used, New etc) – Carwale.com, cardomain, Autosite.com,

Yahoo/MSN – Popular site in the world and wide range of audience.

63.  List 4 Publisher adserving tools?

DFP – DART For Publisher (DoubleClick)

Accipiter

Yield Manger

YAHOO APT

HELIOUS

OAS

AD BUILDER

AD MODUS

Value Click

64.  List 4 3rd part Advertiser adserving tools?

DFA

MediaPlex

ATLAS

ZEDO

65.  Define the attribute of a FLASH creative

Button action

on (release) {                                            

            getURL (_level0.clickTag, "_blank");                      

            }

Audio, Duration, Animation, Number of loops and Version

66.  What is the use of backup gif while trafficking a Flash creative?

A.      Client can run both flash and gif together and get more impressions

B.      If the user computer does not have flash plug-in or version then gif creative will be served

C.      Based on the targeting criteria either gif and flash can be served

D.      None of the above

67.  List at least 6 creative specification

KB Size, Pixel size, button action, version, loops, Audio, Rotation, Animation, duration etc

 

69.  List few types of creative?

Gif/Jpeg

 Flash

 RichMedia

 Expandable

 Floating

 Popup and Popunder

 Click commands/Text ads

 Pixel Ads